Chapter 11 discuss all about configuring, installing, cabling and putting a media of router and other devices. It explains and discusses how to configure the router and switch using command line interface (CLI). These configuration procedures require the use of the CISCO Internetwork Operating System. There are several ways on how to access the CLI environment. The Console, Telnet or SSH, and AUX port. A console uses a low speed serial connection to directly connect a computer or terminal to the console port on the router or switch. Telnet require active networking services on the devices. There must be at least one active interface configured with a layer 3 address, such as an IPv4 address. Aux establish a CLI session remotely is via a telephone dial –up connection using a modem connected to the routers Aux port. Aux doesn’t require any networking service to configured or available on the device.
There are two types of configuration:
Running configuration
Start –up configuration
Running configuration - file that used during the current operation and stored in a RAM. Start- up configuration – file that used as back- up configuration and is loaded when the device is started, it stored in a Non-Volatile RAM. That is why, the file still remain even the CISCO device is turned off.
In CISCO IOS, there are different modes of operations. The User Executive mode which only allowed basic monitoring commands also referred as view- only mode and does not allowed the execution of any command to change the configuration of the device. The user exec mode is identified by the CLI prompts that ends with the > symbol like router> or switch>. The next is the privileged EXEC mode. The privileged exec mode can be identified by the prompt end with # symbol like router#. It shows the detailed examination of the router. Debugging and testing, file manipulation and remote access are usually done in this mode. In order to enter into the privileged mode from user exec mode, just type enable and enter. It will automatically enter into the privileged mode. Global configuration mode is a configuration mode that changes being made affect the operation of the device as a whole. It also used for accessing specific configuration modes. From privileged mode, just type configure terminal and enter then it will enter into the global configuration mode. It is identified by the prompts (config)#. There are also specific configuration modes like interface modes that configure the network interface, line mode that configure the lines and router mode that configure the parameters for one of the routing protocols. Upon configuring more than one device, it is better to put a name in every device so that it can easily identify to configure. To configure IOS hostname, just enter the hostname in the global configuration mode like router(config)# hostname HQ then enter. It will automatically change the device name. you can also put a password in configuring. You can used a console, vty and enable password in privileged mode. After configuring the device, in order to remain your configuration, just copy the running configuration into the start-up configuration so that whenever to turned on the device the configuration still there. You can test your device by pinging it into the other device. The ping command is used to verify the internal IP address configuration of the localhost. Just enter ping then the address and it will response according to the result
Sunday, August 21, 2011
chapter 10
Routers are the primary devices that used in interconnecting networks because it has the ability to avoid collisions between the data being transmitted. It can be both in LAN and WAN interfaces. It usually used UTP cable but depending on the series or model of router, there can be multiple interfaces types for connection of LAN and WAN cabling. The most common devices used in LAN are hubs and switch. When selecting a device for LAN, different factors are considered such as: cost, speed and types of ports, expandability, and manageability. After selecting the device used in LAN, installing of LAN cabling must be planned according to the physical areas to be considered: work area, telecommunication room, backbone cabling, and distribution cabling. For UTP installations, the ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B standard specifies that the total combined length of the cable spanning the four areas listed above is limited distance of 100 meters per channel. This standard specifies there can be up to 5 meters of patch cable for interconnecting patching channels. There can be up to 5 meters of cable from the cable termination point on the wall to the telephone or computer. Work areas refer to the locations that intended to the end devices used by the users. Telecommunication room is where connections to intermediary devices take place. Distribution cabling refers to the cables connecting to the telecommunication rooms with the work areas. Backbone cabling refers to the cabling used to connect the telecommunication rooms to the equipment rooms, where the servers are often located. There are different types of media: copper cable. Fiber-optics and wireless. Each of these types has its different advantage and disadvantage. In measuring the cable length, the total length of cable required to connect a device includes all cables from the end devices in the work area to the intermediary device in the telecommunication room.
Sunday, August 7, 2011
Chapter 9 - Ethernet
Ethernet is a kind of computer network for Local Area Network. It is a communication protocol embedded in software and hardware devices. In Ethernet, the data is divided into individual packets called frames which contains the address of source and destination of the data being transmitted. Ethernet is the original version of the first LAN. It was design by Robert Metcafe and his coworkers more than 30 years ago. It was published and sold in the early 1980s. The first standard for LAN start with the number 802.3. It operates in the lower two layers of the OSI model: the data link layer which is known as the Media Access Control or MAC and the physical layer. If we recall, layer 1 involves signals, bit stream that travel on the media, physical components that put signals on media. Ethernet plays a key role in the communication that takes place between devices, but each of its functions has a limitation. In layer 2, data link layer, all the limitations in layer one fulfilled by this layer. It gives significant to technological compatibility and computer communications. Ethernet layer 2 is divided by MAC sub layer and Logical Link Layer (LLC). In implementing Ethernet physically, a connection in communication media was imposed. It also specifies and implements encoding and decoding scheme that enable frame bits to be carried as signal across the media. The first version of Ethernet used coaxial cable. These versions were known as Thicknet (10BASE5) and Thinnet (10BASE2). The difference between them is that they used coaxial cable but Thicknet allows cabling up to 500 meters while Thinnet allows only 185 meters. Ethernet frame consist of the following headers and trailers: preamble, destination address, source address, type, data and frame check sequence. The preamble and start frame delimiter are used for managing between the sending and receiving devices. Destination MAC addresses is the one that identify the intended recipient. Source MAC addresses is the one that identify the originating interface or the source. The length is the exact length of the frames data field. Frame Check Sequence is the one that detect errors in the frame. Ethernet address is represented by hexadecimal numbering. Ethernet also address in the data link layer and network layer. In Ethernet, MAC addresses are used for layer 2 unicast, broadcast and multicast. Ethernet uses the address resolution protocol to determine the MAC addresses of destination and map them against known layer addresses.
Chapter 8- Physical Layer
Physical layer is the first layer in the OSI model; it is a layer protocol that organizes data from the source for transmission to its destination. A layer that holds and manage how being placed on the communication media Since network understands binary digit only, physical layer is the one that encode the binary digit so that it can represent to the data link layer frames into signal to transmit and receive those signals across the physical media. Physical layer is the one responsible for crossing the bits put into the frame of the data link layer by the network media. It provides the bits for the data link layer who encodes to transform into signals for transmission onto the local media. It may receive by the end device or an intermediate device. This layer uses different communication media to connect devices in order to transmit data from one network to the other. Some of those media are copper, fiber and wireless. The type of signal which represented by bits depends on what type of media being used. For copper cable, the signals are pattern of electrical pulses. For fiber, the signals are patterns of light and for wireless, the signals are patterns of radio transmissions. Standard of physical layer specify signals, connectors and cabling requirements. Fundamental functions of physical layers vary the physical component, data encoding and signaling. When we say physical components, it refers to the electronic devices, media and connectors that transmit and take the signals to represent the bits. Encoding is the process of converting the data bits into the code that are understandable by the network in order to recognized properly by the receiver and avoid media error detection. There are different methods in encoding like Manchester encoding in which the bits are represented as voltage transitions. There are also encoding by grouping the bits. After encoding, the signaling will generate to actively transmit the data into its destination. There are also different method in signaling depends on how does this method being used in transmitting the data in the network. Data transfer can be measures in three ways: Bandwidth, Throughput and Goodput. When we say bandwidth, it measures the data that can flow from one place to another in a given amount of time. Throughput is the measure of the measure of the transfer of bits across the media over a given period of time. Goodput is the measure of usable data transferred over a given period of time, and is therefore the measure that is of most interest to network users.
Tuesday, October 5, 2010
IT 19
IT 19 subject is an excitement yet quietly pressured subject for me. It covers different methods and guidelines on how to present correctly (the reports, advertisement) any presentations to the audience. It includes different ways on how to organize the presentation physically and technically with its content and body like presenting a report, advertising, film making and other forms or presentation that usually uses a multimedia.When I took the subject IT 19, I’ve realized that it’s not easy to make a report or presentation to the audience with your own topic just like what I’ve thought before. Even searching an interesting topic, you must think of it wisely so that it could be interesting to the audience, in order to catch their attention. But even you can find a topic; it is not easy also to organize the information to make the slides or the whole technical presentation. You must follow the guidelines and format on how to organize all the data you have gathered, on how to make visual aids and especially on how to deliver it well. From its information up to technical presentations.In delivering a presentation or an informative report, you must consider not only its physical appearance but also the way how can you convince the audience to listen, understand and believe what you are talking. You must yourself and presentation in manner from its content as you fully understand it up to its technical aspect, so that during your presentation, there will be no problems occurred and it will flow according to its sequence. You must not be look nervous in standing in front of the audience, although it cannot be avoided but it can be defeated as long as your determination are strong enough to be successful in presenting a presentation. You must provide a clear explanation of all the terms you used in your presentation and you must have your own ways to make the audience interested and not be bored. You must have your originality and be independent in your own understanding about your topic and not be dependent to the notes you made that seems you just reading your presentations. It is not easy to deliver presentation but if only you follow all tips and guidelines on how to make a good presentation, it is not hard for you to overcome the success of delivering your presentations well.The next topic that we discussed is all about advertising. Advertising is a form of communication intended to persuade and to purchase or take some action upon products, ideals or services. There are two types or advertising, the Digital Advertising and the Physical Advertising. Digital Advertising is delivering advertisement in digital formats in any medium. Digital Advertising includes: Television Advertising, Infomercials, Radio Advertising, Online Advertising and Product Placements. Television Advertising is generally considered as the most effective mass- market advertising format. Infomercials is a long format television commercial, typically five minutes or longer. Radio Advertising is a form of advertising via the medium of radio. Online Advertising is a form of promotion that uses the internet. Product Placement is when the a product or brand is embedded in entertainment and media. Physical Advertising has its unique characteristics such as: durable, personal, efficient and dimensional. Its includes the different type like Press Advertising that describes advertising in any printed medium such as mews paper, mobile billboard advertising, in – store advertising, an advertisement placed in a retail store, celebrity branding, type of advertising that uses celebrity power, fame and money.We also tackle multimedia. Multimedia is a computer based interactive communication process that incorporates text, graphics, sound, animation, and video. It is divided into linear and non linear categories. Linear active content progresses without any navigational control for the viewer such as cinema presentation. Non linear content offers user interactivity to control progress. Multimedia presentation can be live or recorded. It has many usage in different aspect like Commercial, Entertainment, Education, Journalism, Engineering, Industry and etc. There are three types in delivering Multimedia, Compact Disk, Kiosk and Online. It has its advantages like Engrossing, Multisensory, Individualized. And its disadvantages like non-interactive, lost in cyberspace, lack of structure, time consuming, linear content and others.The last topic that we have tackle as all about Filmmaking. Filmmaking is the process of making a film from an initial story idea or commission through scriptwriting, shooting, editing, directing and distribution to the audiences. It involves a large number of people, and takes from a few months to several years to complete. It takesplace all over the world in a huge range of economic, social and political contests and using a variety technologies and techniques. Film makers use both film and video as their medium. There are five stages occurs in producing a film, the first is the development. It is the stage in which the script is written and drafted into a workable blueprint for a film. The second is pre-production. A stage in which preparations are made for the shoot, in which cast and crew are hired, location are selected and sets are built. The third is the production in which the raw elements for the finished film are recorded. The fourth is the post production. This stage, the film is edited, production sound is concurrently edited, music tracks are composed, performed and recorded, if a film is sought to have a score, sound effect are designed and recorded and any other computer graphic visual effects are digitally added, all sounds element are mixed into stems then stems are mixed then married to picture and the film is fully completed. The last stage is the sales and distribution in which film is screened for potential buyers, is picked up by a distributor and reaches its cinema and or home media audience. There are many typical crew positions, theses are the following: director, assistant director, casting director, location manager, production manager, director of photography, production sound mixer, sound designer, composers, production designer, art designer, costume designer, make up and hair designer, storyboard artist, choreographer. Its not easy to make a film, you must gain a time ,money and people in order to make a nice film. You must consider also the people who can play the role of the people behind the film to be made in order to be more interesting to the audience.For me ,IT 19 is interesting subject if you focus it seriously and explore the hidden amusing lesson from the subject because its covers many aspects, not only in education but it can be use in business, arts, and others.
Sunday, July 4, 2010
Friday, July 2, 2010
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